Feudalism and feudal system

Her concern, in fact, is not the knightly era itself, just with the images and constructs by which we attempt to understand it.

Anne Llewellyn Barstow. get married Priests and the Reforming Papacy: The EleventhCentury Debates. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1982.

Priestly celebacy is an component of Catholic practice and doctrine which was firmly established by what may broadly be called the Clunaic reforms of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, but which has returned to be a matter of current vex and disputation today. Other Clunaic reforms, having been settled, have in a sense been forgotten. The ordinary public today has never heard of simony or lay investiture. By contrast, priestly celebacy is debated on talk shows.

In examining the eleventhcentury debate over the imposition of celebate arrest on all the Western clergy, Anne Llewellyn Barstow is therefore raising questions of interest far beyond the world of medieval scholarship. Indeed, she frankly admits that her broader bearing in discussing the eleventhcentury imposition of celebacy is to contribute (by tax write-off on the promarriage side) to the contemporary discussion of celebacy in the Catholic church.

Barstow begins by tracing the history of priestly celebacy done the first ten centuries of church history. The church service asserts, and convent

Barstow argues that the drive towards a celebate clergy was essentially driven by monastic impulses. Other factors played a part, to be sure. By eliminating clerical marriage, for example, the papacy could eliminate legitimate heirs of priests and thus sharply reduce the tendency towards simony. More generally, the enforcement of celebacy made easier the enforcement of other set on the clergy, not least by making the clergy a sharply defined "mens club." Thus celebacy and its enforcement was of many practical benefits to the papacy and higher Church authority in general.

Lengthy excerpts from many contemporary documents form the framework on which Tierney hangs his argument.

He begins with Augustine and pontiff Galasius I, reaching back to the late roman print era, and passes through the Carolingian period to reach the age of fragmentation which would trigger the "Clunaic" reforms. The major(ip) episodes in the struggle pass in review. Gregory VII is cited extensively. Canossa, the policies of unacquainted(p) III and Frederick II, all are considered. In the twelfth century, the rediscovery of Roman law provides arguments to both sides. With Aquinas and his successers, Aristotelian ideas are introduced to the debate. end-to-end the process, a capability for analytical political thought is steady developed.

The period from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries saw one of the slap-up conflicts of Western history, that between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors. The most substantial thing for the future of the West is that both sides lost. Beginning nigh 1050, the Papacy began to extend and deepen its control throughout the westbound church. From the perspective of the clergy and people, this might appear less as a powergrab than as a liberation of the Church from control by local magnates, an increasingly serious problem in the centuries following the fall of the Carolingian order. Even monastaries were not free from this sort of int
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